An attempt to place Dasepo Girls in its social context

Last August, the film Dasepo Naughty Girls (Dasepo Sonyeo) hit theatres and within a few weeks was gone. One of my students read a story on the internet of a girl who went to buy tickets for the film but was asked by the employee at the ticket counter, "Are you sure you want to see that?" She decided on something else instead. Perhaps, as a teen, she made the right decision, as Darcy Paquet over at koreanfilm.org wrote, "it is basically a non-commercial film being marketed as one." In fact, it was being marketed as a teen sex comedy; to get an idea of the marketing, the trailer can be found here, and gives some sense of what the viewer is in for.

The film is based on a rather sex-filled internet comic of the same name, which can be found here (on that page, click on the image of the girl seen at left here to read the comic; the most recent edition is first). The comic is actually rated 19, while the movie is rated 15, which also makes clear that much of the material in the comic was toned down for the movie. Still, despite this, the movie, despite not actually showing much (well, any) sex, refers to it quite often, in ways that would have likely been outrageously shocking to audiences ten years ago. The film itself loses its steam midway and ends on a less than subversive note, but there is much in the film that pokes fun at (and simultaneously reveals) a great many things many in Korea might rather see swept under the rug. It's not just the references to transsexuals, teen prostitution, nude video chatting, and the like that make the film stand out, but also references to cheating, ridiculous nationalism, and the cultural differences returning international adoptees face - all wrapped in a warped parody of a tacky TV drama which is interrupted by the occasional musical number.

The film not only makes references to things that some would rather be left unsaid, but also stands as a testament to how much things have changed in the last ten years, especially in terms of what is allowed to be represented in the entertainment media. The film basically begins in the classroom above with a substitute teacher who informs the students that

"l'm substituting today because the English teacher has caught an STD. Well, it can happen if we sleep with a teenage hooker. So please understand."

("Sleep with a teenage hooker" is translated from "wonjo gyoje hada" (about which more will be said)). From there it's learned that the 'teenage hooker' in question is one of the girls in class, and that she got the STD from her boyfriend, who got from another classmate, who... well, you get the idea. Soon the mass exodus pictured above occurs as every student except for two realizes they've slept with someone in the class and may be at risk.

School's out...

One of the remaining students, a girl, excuses herself, as she has a date with a customer ("wonjo gyoje yaksok" - just in case you're wondering), as the other, a boy with only one eye, bemoans his fate as the only virgin in the school. This scene is essentially a word for word adaptation of the first Dasepo Sonyeo comic strip, which can be seen here.

In the course of the movie, we see a gay student, a pre-op transsexual student, and a crossdresser; it's worth mentioning once again that the movie is rated 15, as in, teens 15 and up can see it without their parents. My, how things have changed in a very short period of time. As this article points out, in 1997 the first Queer Film and Video Festival at Yonsei University was shut down when the authorities cut the power (though it was allowed to proceed the next year), and in September of 2000, when comic actor Hong Seok-chon became South Korea's first openly gay celebrity, he was fired from his job as host of a popular children's show on MBC and fired from a radio show on KBS. Cut to 2006, when one of the highest grossing Korean films of all time - The King and Clown - was about a gay love triangle set in the Chosun dynasty, and where a film viewable by teens can show gay, transsexual and cross-dressing characters (even if it treats them in a very light way), and it becomes clear how much can change in ten years.

The same year Hong Seok-chon was fired for coming out, Jang Sun-woo's film Lies, about a sado-masochist relationship between a high school girl and a 38 year-old sculptor, was released only after having, according to this review, five minutes cut from the film, including having the sound cut during a conversation about sex between two high school girls. Actually, my Korean-released VCD of Lies has some 20 minutes cut (compared to the uncut US dvd), including this scene:


Why, you may ask? Because every reference to the girl being a high school student (at least during the first half of the film), was removed. We wouldn't want anyone thinking that high school girls have sex, or that a man would have sex with an underaged girl, now would we? The fate of the book that the film was based on is rather interesting as well:

Lies was intended by its producer Shin Chul as a deliberate challenge to Korean censorship; the novel (Jang Jung-Il's fourth) was banned, recalled and pulped less than a month after it was published in 1996, and the author subsequently had to serve two months in jail as a "pornographer". [Jang was the first Korean writer to be so convicted.] Jang Sun-Woo had already filmed an adaptation of Jang Jung-Il's second novel (To You, From Me/Neo-ege Narul Bonenda, 1994, an acid satire of social climbing, creativity and plagiarism in the Korean literary scene) and was initially reluctant to tackle another for fear of repeating himself.

So it was only ten years before the release of Dasepo Naughty Girls that the writer of the novel on which Lies was based had to serve two months in prison for publishing 'pornography', and the film itself, released in 2000, had numerous cuts made to it, and was considered 'dangerous' by some (like the UN Commission on Human Rights, who asked the Korean government to ban the film), art by others (like the Venice Film Festival, which screened the film), or prompted reactions like this one: "I have not seen the movie for fear that I might throw up in the theater." This attitude is mentioned in mentioned in an opinion piece in the Korea Herald from January 22, 2000 by Cho Woo-seok, an employee at Incheon Immigration (!):

Son Bong-ho, a well-known professor at Seoul National University and a leader of the civic group which filed suit against the director, has been highly critical of the movie. Son said: "How did Korean's morals drop down to such a low level? How can you accept as art a movie in which a married man in his 30s has sex with a high school girl? How could they make such a nauseating movie just to make money?" Most leading newspapers and media groups have expressed similar criticism of the movie. While reading their attacks, I noted a key irony: most of the writers said they hadn't watched the film because it was too dirty.

Granted, the film is pretty strong stuff, and not to everyone's taste (given that for more than half of the film the two leads are naked) but scenes like the one above, during which yet another beating is to be administered, caused a great deal of consternation. Yet in Dasepo Naughty Girls, a teacher asks to be punished for his students' lack of knowledge, calling a girl to the front of class to administer a beating with a whip taken from a briefcase full of S&M implements (a likely nod to Lies). The girl enjoys it as much as he does:


Only six years after Lies was released, a scene in a movie viewable by 15 year olds has a student beating her teacher in the classroom in what is obviously a sado-masochistic manner and it barely raised an eyebrow. Perhaps it's the fact that it's such an obviously off the wall comedy which saved it from the controversy that dogged the film Jenny, Juno, which was released in early 2005:

Yesterday was the press screening of Jenny, Juno, a story about a 15-year old boy and girl who discover that, after having things get a little out of control one night, they are expecting a baby. The Korea Media Ratings Board originally gave it an 18+ rating, despite the complete absence of any onscreen sex, nudity, violence, or foul language (distributor Show East was expecting a 12+ rating). The ratings board instead cited the very idea of the film itself as being potentially damaging to young viewers -- one board member reportedly said, apparently seriously, "If we let this through, soon they'll be making films about elementary school students having sex!" Anyway, common sense prevailed when the distributor re-submitted the film without any changes and it received a 15+ rating.

So then, to keep you updated, pregnant middle schoolers - bad; sado-masochism in the classroom with your teacher - OK (keep in mind, sex between elderly people also caused the ratings board to throw a hissy fit back in 2002).

As I mentioned earlier, the opening scene of the film ended with one of the students asking to leave because she has a date with a customer ("wonjo gyoje yaksok"). She's from a poor family, and much is made of the fact that she (literally) wears poverty on her back. The more obvious marker of her poverty is the fact she lives in a daldongnae, or hillside neighbourhood, while other markers are a little more subtle (like when her brother complains that he's lonely because all of his friends are at hakwons (private academies)). On a few occasions in the movie she goes to meet customers:


On every occasion, however, it is played for a joke and turns out not to be a sexual encounter. Wonjo gyoje is a word and topic that turns up occasionally in the media these days, but it was not always this way, as an opinion piece criticizing Lies in January, 2000, reveals:

I thought it was unfortunate and unwise for the movie industry to show pictures like "Lies," at a time when the whole country is undertaking a nationwide campaign to root out teenage prostitution.

Another opinion piece by a high school student at the time wrote, "Teenage prostitution. Until lately, hardly anyone in Korea paid attention to it." If you search the Chosun Ilbo's archives using the word 'Prostitution', you'll notice many articles about teenage prostitution in the late 1990s and especially 2000; have a look here and here.

There were some other cases prior to this which set the tone for the debate on teens and sex, (which are discussed in greater detail here). A July 8, 1996 Korea Times article (or the Donga Ilbo, here) tells us that

The shocking news of a middle school girl who became pregnant after she was raped on her way home from school and went into labor in the classroom last month had pushed the Health and Welfare Ministry to promote better sex education in schools. Afraid that she might be expelled from school, the young girl had kept her condition a secret from her teachers, parents and school mates. She was taking her final exams on June 27 when her water broke and she gave birth to a boy upon being rushed to the hospital.

Wearing an obstetrical binder when she began getting big, the middle school girl hid her pregnancy from her teachers and friends at school. According to her homeroom teacher, because she was always a quiet child, no one thought anything was amiss. And since her working parents spent little time at home, they too did not notice anything was wrong, she added.

It's been 11 years since that happened and there still aren't decent sex education programs in place within the Korean education system.

Another event that 'shocked the nation' took place in the summer of 1997, when copies of a video tape showing several high school boys having sex with a middle school girl began to turn up in the porn shops in places like the Seun Sangga. Songpa-gu police arrested the students in mid July, 1997:


A July 16, 1997 Korea Times article reported on the arrest of 6 high school boys (three for distributing the tape) and the middle school girl:

"This feels like a (bad) dream," said 17-year-old Kim, one of the teenage boys involved. Kim reportedly thought of making the video "for fun" after watching a similar Japanese pornographic movie. "I thought they were going to destroy the tape after it was over," said Choi, 15, the lone girl and middle school dropout, who was videotaped having sex with three of the teenage boys. Asked if any of her friends had ever made similar movies, Choi replied a simple "yes."

Kim reportedly met Choi at a school festival in September 1995. The two had an intimate relationship for sometime, he said. Choi left school in June 1996, to go work at a karaoke bar. She said she did so because of the constant bickering between her parents. A month later she was raped by four men, she said.

I can't remember where I read it, but I do remember the kids saying that they just wanted to make a porn film like adults do, and make some money off of it. Ironically, this event served as the inspiration for the little seen 2001 film Twenty ["Seu-mu-sal"] directed by Shin Jung-kyun, which depicts the sexual awakening of a girl in junior high school. There is more information about the film here, though some of the screenshots are probably not worksafe. Interestingly enough, these stories of the videotape and the girl giving birth in school gave rise to the overeaction found in this discussion, from 1999.

An October 28, 1998 Korea Herald article noted that community papers or word of mouth from friends were drawing teenage girls into working as hostesses or prostitutes, with 5,048 teenage girls caught in those roles during a one-year crackdown starting in September, 1997. The report said 804 or 16 percent of the teenagers were exploited as prostitutes, 314 of whom were under 16.

In all 2,221 girls or 44 percent were employed by karaoke rooms, 1,040 by room salons, 879 by cafes and beer houses, 480 by brothels and 428 by tea rooms where they worked as prostitutes, according to the report.

A Korea Herald article a month later had this quote:

"Teenagers used to be forced or deceived into the sex trade. But now more girls voluntarily do the job for easy money. Working in karaoke rooms, they can earn in a night half a month's wages which they can earn at supermarkets or coffee shops."

The events described above, as well as the well publicized results of the 1997-98 crackdown, may have given rise to a new law designed to keep teens away from jobs and areas where prostitution thrived:

Since 1999, the Youth Protection Law has provided for prison terms of up to 10 years and a fine of 10 million won per minor hired for owners of entertainment establishments who hired minors under the age of 19. The Commission on Youth Protection also expanded the definition of "entertainment establishment" to include facilities, such as restaurants and cafes, where children were hired illegally as prostitutes.

What was slightly humorous in all of this was the National Youth Commission's website listed areas in Korea's larger cities which were off limits to youth - in effect, giving the location of most of the larger red light districts in the country, in both Korean and English (it's since been removed).

At any rate, the 'war on teenage prostitution' and the flurry of media attention on the issue began in January 2000 after Korea's first female police chief, Kim Kang-ja, was appointed to the district in Seoul containing the red light district Miari Texas, where she declared her desire to stamp out teen prostitution. How successful this crackdown was is debatable (most likely it just helped facilitate the shift from teens working in brothels and as hostesses to partaking in wonjo gyoje). The crackdown and media handwringing did lead to another new law, however:

In 2000, the Government enacted the Juvenile Sexual Protection Act, which established a maximum sentence of 20 years' imprisonment for the sale of the sexual services of persons younger than 19 years of age. It also established prison terms for persons convicted of the purchase of sexual services of youth under the age of 19. Based on this law, the Commission enforced a decree to publicize the names of those who had committed sex offenses against minors.

And if you thought the lists, released periodically, weren't popular, you'd be wrong, because the Commission's webpage got millions of hits when the first list of 169 names was released in September, 2000. Since then, "4,112 people in total have been made known to the public".

While the 1999 law targeted the bars, karaokes and brothels which hired teenagers, those who passed the 2000 law, with its public listing of offenders, were well aware of and taking aim at a new form of prostitution gaining popularity, which a November 26, 1998 Korea Herald article described:

A recently emerging form of child prostitution is "charitable relationship,'' [wonjo gyoje] in which girls receive money from adult males for sex. Last month the Pusan police caught a 16-year-old girl and a middle-aged businessman who were in a six-month-long charitable relationship. The freshmen high school girl was introduced to him by her classmate who was also in a relationship with him. "My friend said that I can get 100,000 won for a casual date, and double for a "special'' date, she told police. Before being arrested, the two had at least seven sexual encounters and her friends sometimes joined for group sex.

As for the growing popularity of wonjo gyoje, or 'compensated dating', this article from 2004 lists some statistics:

According to a Seoul Socho police officer, two to three students in every middle and high school class, typically consisting of 40 to 50 children, are believed to engage in prostitution. Statistics for 2000 show 222 girls aged 18 or younger were caught by police for engaging in wonjo kyojae, with girls aged under 16 accounting for 62.6% of cases. Most of the arrangements for meetings were made through online chats (53.5%) and phone conversations through ‘phone-tings’ (22%).

Another article, a February 8, 2000 opinion piece from the Korea Herald written by Hazel Lee, a student at Kwacheon Foreign Language High School, gives a teenage girl's view of wonjo gyoje:

I think that all girls go through basically the same problems during their teens. The teachers at school are determined to save us from ourselves and try to make sure we have no time to think of anything else except for studies. Our dads treat us like we're seven instead of 17, and freak out if we come home one second after our curfews. Our moms just don't understand why it's so important to have pants that look tight to breathe in and shoes that make us look like witches. We never have enough money, and the reality we live in is just plain depressing at times. The girls in the comic books we read never have such problems. They never have zits or bad hair days. All of them are pretty, fragile, and have a gorgeous guy at their side who goes to university. And their relationships are anything but platonic.

So what's the difference between the girls that go wrong and the girls that don't? Well, the reason I don't do that kind of stuff is because I know who I am. I have a family that can be corny and annoying but one that loves me and tells me they do. I have friends that I can complain to when things get rough. I have dreams and aspirations. I won't deny that I've never thought about simply packing and hitting the road. Cause let me tell you, teenage prostitution is ugly to the rest of the world, but to teenage girls it holds a sort of twisted romance and sense of adventure. It's not romantic, everyone knows, but to a teenage girl full of stress it can seem better than her present situation. Pleasure and money - the two things many teens live for nowadays. And if no can give her a better reason to live, then who can blame her for what she does?

This article from early 2005 showed that, despite the September 2004 crackdown, teenage prostitution was alive and well; police timed their crackdown for winter vacation, as many more students had free time.

Police said 42 percent of teenagers sell sex for spending money, 33 percent to earn a living and 3 percent out of sexual curiosity. The remaining 22 percent gave a variety of responses.

A survey in Busan a year later found similar percentages, and gave another figure: "About 20 percent of teenage prostitutes in the southeastern port city of Pusan began working in the industry when they were under 14 just for money" (actually, that should be "when they were 14 and under).

Speaking of Busan, you may not find many scholarly articles about wonjo gyoje in English, but Mee-hae Kong's Material Girls: Sexual perceptions of Korean teenaged girls who have experienced 'Compensated Dates', an excellent article from 2003 about wonjo gyoje based on interviews with 12 girls from the Busan area, can be found here. In it she looks at the backgrounds of the girls, all of whom had run away, and most of whom had experienced sexual abuse before selling sex, writing that

Compared to Japanese teen prostitutes who belong to middle-class families and ordinary students (Ueno, 2001), most Korean teen prostitutes have experienced poverty and have run away from home (Cho and Lee, 2001; Lee, 2001). All girls in this study mentioned that they were suffering from poverty, lack of familial support, and the absence of stable job opportunities when they entered prostitution. Economic deprivation was therefore a major factor.

A February 12, 2003 Korea Herald article makes clear that many are not runaways, however:

About half of Korean teenagers involved in underage prostitution attend school and live with their families, according to a report released by the Commission on Youth Protection yesterday. The report, based on investigation records of 414 teens who trade sex for money, showed that 46.4 percent live at home and 41.8 percent still go to school.

As for what prompted them to sell their bodies for sex, 51.5 percent said they needed money and 27.4 percent answered they had no alternative to meet living costs or had no place to sleep. About 7 percent said they did so out of curiosity, and 3.9 percent said men seduced them.

Asked what medium connected them to the sex trade, 58.7 percent cited the Internet, and 13.2 percent mentioned "phone parlors." A total of 25.4 percent were aged 16, followed by 17-year-olds who accounted for 22 percent and 15-year-olds at 21.7 percent. Nearly 4 percent were aged 13 years old or younger.

In most of these cases, the girls are forced by economic need (or desire for consumer goods like phones and clothing) to make money this way, but are not so often physically coerced or restrained by pimps, though there are exceptions to this, such as mothers selling their own children into the sex industry or the appearance of teenage pimps:

"There has been an increase in the number of teenage boys buying sex. And now, we have teenage pimps who force their peers to sell themselves for sex to the same age groups,'' said Kim Hae-kyoung, director of the juvenile crimes unit of the Seoul Metropolitan Police Agency.

Police in Koyang, Kyonggi Province, Monday arrested a 14-year-old girl on charges of forcing two of her schoolmates of the same age to have sex with three males, including a 16-year-old middle school student, at her apartment on Jan. 9.

The article also quotes statistics for 2006:

According to the agency, 45 percent of the 505 people nabbed in Seoul last year for buying sex were in their 20s and 40 percent of them were in their 30s. However, 3.4 percent of them were in their teens. The police caught a total of 236 under-aged girls selling sex last year. More than 46 percent of them were between 15 and 16 years old and about 42 percent were between 17 and 18. However, 11.4 percent of them were younger than 14 years old [sic - 14 years old or younger] with the youngest being a 12-year old.

The article relates another story of teen pimps:

[P]olice in Sanggye-dong arrested two 16-year-old girls and a 14-year-old boy for attempting to force a 14-year-old to sell herself for sex. After she refused, the suspects kidnapped the victim for a day, beating her and burning her face with lit cigarettes [...].

Perhaps lit cigarettes are a common method of coercion:


Above is the photo of the cigarette-burned hands of a runaway 14 year-old girl who was held captive for six months in Gwangju by an acquaintance and forced to have sex with 800 men; her captors can be seen in the background.

The police said they have obtained 800 phone numbers of men suspected of having sex with the girl. About 40 of them have already been questioned and face charges for having sex with a minor. The police said they will expand the investigation to include all suspected customers. The police said the victim’s customers ranged from doctors and teachers to students and soldiers. One of the men questioned is a university professor.

From November 2006 until her escape on May 22, the victim serviced clients found through Internet sites and was forced to engage in sex up to five times a night.

An MBC news clip shows her guiding reporters around one of the motel rooms where she was held; a computer can be seen in the room. This article also touches on on the internet's role in facilitating teenage prostitution:

"Since it was found that more than 95 percent of the sex trade involving under-aged girls originated through the Internet, there is a need for police to identify the Web sites where the deals are frequently made and monitor them properly,'' she said.

Apparently, they are trying, according to an article translated at The Grand Narrative, titled, "3 out of every 10 dating sites are being used by teenage prostitutes to find clients."

Recently, the Government Youth Comission asked Daegu YWCA to invesitigate to what extent teenagers were using 69 adult dating sites that can be found through major internet portals [...]

According to the Commission, 23 sites of the 69 sites (33.3%) allowed teenagers to register. 42 (60.9%) did not allow teenagers to join, but lacked a special warning indicating this; in the end, only 4 (5.8%) both didn’t allow teenagers to join and had the required software to prevent them from doing so [...]

In addition, Daegu YWCA opened a chatroom on one site for 2 hours, and of 48 male users that entered, 25 were blatantly looked for teenage prostitutes, 19 chatted about sexual acts, and only 4 chatted about non-sexual subjects.

It doesn't look like the demand side of the equation is going to change any time soon.

For all of the articles about teen prostitution seen these days, the number of them pale in comparison to the deluge of articles that appeared during the 'popular gust' of 2000, when many articles even turned up in the English language Korean media. Despite the number of articles in English about wonjo gyoje, or teen prostitution, in Korea, it's never gotten the attention from the west that Japan's Enjo Kosai (the same Chinese characters as wonjo gyoje) has (for example, articles like this).

One factor that may contribute to this may be that, while references to Enjo Kosai turn up in popular culture relatively often in Japan (off the top of my head I thought of the films All About Lily Chou-Chou, Love and Pop, Bounce Kogals, Harmful Insect, and Canary (the latter a film I highly recommend)), it's not commonly referred to in Korean films.

The obvious example (which many may think is the only example) is Kim Ki-duk's film Samaritan Girl (Samaria), which is also reviewed here. As this is a fairly well known film, I'll focus more on the other, lesser known films. Suffice to say that this film angered a number of people (most of whom, like those who condemned Lies, have likely never seen it), with a standard complaint that Kim had aired out Korea's dirty laundry for the whole world to see.

Perhaps the first film dealing with this topic, however, was the 60 minute film Teenage Hooker Becomes Killing Machine in Daehakro (대학로에서 매춘하다가 토막살해 당한 여고생 아직 대학로에 있다), which was released in late 2000. The translation of the Korean title is even more amusing than the English title: "The High School Student Who Got Chopped Up While Selling Herself in Daehangno is Still in Daehangno." I don't imagine this film was released in any more than a handful of theatres, and as far as I know, it isn't available in Korea (though it was released on video in Japan). A review can be found here, and some photos can be found here. It's a low budget film with a terrible plot and acting, but it's not without its charms (the soundtrack features 3rd Line Butterfly and Shin Jung-hyun, for example).

Three weeks later, in January 2001, Im Sang-soo's second film Tears was released, about street kids in Seoul's Garibong-dong. The girls in the film work in a bar and on one occasion one of them has a wonjo gyoje meeting with a customer in a motel. Though the film didn't do well (it's well worth watching), Im would find more commercial success with his next two films, The Good Lawyers Wife (2003), and President's Last Bang (2005).

Lee Mi-yeon's L'abri (aka Bus Stop), released in March, 2002, deals with the relationship between a hagwon teacher and his 16 year old student, who had been "having sex for money" with a middle aged man. While the girls in Tears were doing it for money to survive, she was doing it out of boredom (and perhaps for spending money - it's been years since I watched it). All and all, it's a pretty depressing film.

Ahn Byung-gi's Phone, released in July 2002, also deals with wonjo gyoje. As this review points out, Ha Ji-won's character "is a journalist who has just finished a controversial expose on a ring of older men paying for sex with teenage girls." Also, by the end of the movie we find out that a married male character had been having sex with a school girl (in what looked like a romantic relationship - hard to know for sure though, seeing as the participants don't outlive this revelation by very long).

In this year's "Wonder Years" (Yeolse sal, Su-ah), the main character (who is 13) befriends a girl who has become a bully, and who also makes money by singing and dancing with older men in norae-bangs.

Oh, but I was talking about Dasepo Girls, wasn't I?

Something else the film brings up is online video chatting. In the film, a boy disguises himself as a girl and tries to talk another girl into undressing. As it turns out, truth is stranger than fiction:

On December 2nd [2002], Busanjin police office issued a warrant for the arrest of a 17 year old boy identified by only his family name, Park. Park who has naturally long hair, put on some lipstick, pretended to be a high school girl and used a video chatting site to lure men into arranging sexual liaisons for money. The men would send money to Park's bank account, but he would never show up for the arranged meetings. Police were able to track down Park and arrested him after more than 1.2 million won had already been transferred to his account.

Very little turns up in the media about nude video chatting (or hadn't when I looked quite awhile ago) but this article from November, 2005, delved into the subject:

A high school boy in Daejeon has been arrested for recording nude images of an online chat partner when she stripped for him and distributing the clip. The boy surprised officers by saying that two or three out of 10 women in online chat rooms agree to take their clothes off within 10 minutes.

Video chatting scene from Dasepo Girls

I'd actually assumed this was going on a few months earlier when the media reported about elementary school students photoshopping other student's faces onto porn photos. The Donga Ilbo reported on this quite clearly, but the Chosun Ilbo went somewhere else with it, focussing on chat sites aimed at children.

The Chosun Ilbo logged on to a site and typed “elementary school student” into the search engine. The server found 146 video clips and image files. Only three of them were not of a pornographic nature.

After reading this, I wondered how true it could be, and did a quick search on the P2P client emule in Korean for ‘elementary’, ‘middle’, and ‘high school student’, and it turned up a list of dozens or hundreds of files for each category, and, judging from their titles, almost all of them were sexual in nature (when you see “female middle school student” and “cucumber” in the same file name, you can be pretty sure that some of these consist of more than just taking off clothes - though I'm still trying to figure out what they would have been doing with banana milk. Maybe it's best not to ask). Many files had ‘Haduri’ in the file name, which is a site where people (mostly teen and pre-teen girls, at least when I looked at it a year ago) post their 'eoljjang' photos to meet people or to be voted as the prettiest-looking by others. It also provides software that allows you to record jpegs, gifs, or video from webcams, which I imagine is the source of all these files. At any rate, judging by the number of filenames that mention nude chatting and haduri it would seem that there are hundreds of recordings of these nude webcam chats out there (even if many of the files are falsely titled, there would still be a sizeable number that aren’t). And if there are hundreds of recordings of these chats, then you might assume that it goes on a lot, and that the story of the high school boy in Daejeon is the tip of the iceberg - especially seeing as nude teen video chatting was lampooned in a mainstream movie.

While the plot is mostly episodic at the beginning, a few plot strands begin to stand out later on, such as a plot by the principle to make the students study by placing 'virgin chips', er, within the girls, which make them studious and pure.


When I saw this, I was immediately reminded of an essay entitled "Popularising Purity: Gender, Sexuality and Nationalism in HIV/AIDS Prevention for South Korean Youths", which can be read as a pdf here.

The Purity Campaign began with the New Purity Movement in 1995 that targeted middle and high school students. ‘New’ purity suggested that those who have lost their purity through premarital sex can ‘regain’ this purity by joining the movement and abide by the rule of ‘sex-within-marriage-only.’

Who knows if the movie was referring to this or not. It goes on to poke fun at nationalism in education when a teacher asks his students what makes Korea unique. After a long silence, 'four seasons' gets mentioned, as does taekwondo. When a student tells the teacher that "it wouldn't be entirely correct to say that taekwondo is pure Korean", due to its use of Karate moves (all the while reading it from his PSP), the movie then also highlights cheating by students using phones, like what happened in Kwangju in November of 2004 during the University Entrance Exam.


The 2004 cheating incident led to a ban on all cellphones, mp3 players and other electronic devices at the next University Entrance Exam in 2005, leading to photos like this:


At any rate, the teacher is appalled at his student declaring taekwondo to be part Japanese. "You little rascals know nothing about our own history. You must not love your own country." Looking about the room, he enlightens them about Korea's great history: "We went to the semi-finals during the 2002 World Cup." After being told by his students that soccer certainly isn't a part of Korea's heritage, he replies, "l feel so responsible that you all are so ignorant about your own heritage," which is followed by

Daehan Minguk!

He then takes responsibility for their ignorance by asking them to hit him with a stick, which he took from a briefcase full of S&M implements (a nod to Lies). When he pulls down his pants, this is the reaction:


Part of what's funny about this is the speed with which their camera's are flipped open, due of course to the fact that the phones were already in their hands. Anyone who teaches middle or high school aged students knows how important these little devices are to their lives, and how often they're being used despite being told to put them away.

There have been a few occasions where the cellphone video of an assault by a teacher in the classroom has caused an uproar (such as in this case), though the first thing I thought of was the world of citizen surveillance brought to light in the media after the dog poop girl incident in June, 2005.


The posting on the internet of these photos of a woman who refused to clean up her dog's crap on the subway led to the media's first recognition of 'cyber terror', as people lined up to hurl abuse at the girl online, and even stalk her in public (as this page titled "the next day" makes clear)

Of course, cellphone cameras could be used for other reasons as well, as was revealed in December 2004, when it came out that 41 middle and high school boys in Miryang had been gang-raping 5 girls for almost a year. The reason they could get away with this?

The boys allegedly met one of the victims, identified as Choi, 14, through chatting on cell phones, and sexually assaulted her when she visited them in Miryang in January. They then threatened to upload the scene of the assault on the Internet, and lured Choi’s sister and a cousin then raped them as well.

Or as the Joongang Ilbo put it:

Police said a 14-year-old girl had been raped as many as 10 times by three to 24 high school boys. The boys reportedly blackmailed her to keep quiet unless she wanted pictures of her rape to be spread around her school. Then she was ordered to bring her younger sister and older cousin, aged 13 and 16, to Milyang.

The threat of shameful photos being spread, in this case, was enough to blackmail the girl into not only submitting to being raped by numerous boys over the next year, but also into dragging other family members into the situation. As awareness of the public shaming a cellphone video can cause when shared on the internet has spread, the cellphone camera itself has come to be viewed as a weapon, as the response of this girl showed when, after stoicly putting up with minutes of beating, broke down when her hair was tied up (fully revealing her face) and a phone camera shoved was in her face.


But I'm off on a tangent, and this is a story for another post. The film goes on to look at adopted Koreans, and one, who was raised by a rich Swiss family, rails at one point against "Fucking Korea, fucking discrimination!" - all while questioning his sexuality after falling for a pre-op transsexual. Another adoptee returns to Korea as a punk rocker with a face full of piercings, bewildering his birth mother.

Amidst these references to sexual topics which were taboo only a few years ago, and satirical takes on nationalism and education, is a good deal of comedy which works, and bits that fall flat. It's too bad the film doesn't remain consistent in the inconsistency it displays at the beginning, but despite this, the film is well worth watching. I've only tried to put some of the film's topics in a social context (and place the film itself in the context of recent Korean films on such topics), but Darcy Paquet's review suggests that much more could be made from the film: " Ultimately Dasepo becomes an odd and fascinating sort of utopian vision of modern Korea, though not the utopia that most Koreans would imagine for themselves." Dasepo Girls seems, in its chaotic way, a testament to the struggles everyone from gay rights advocates to those who have stood against censorship have faced and overcome in the past decade - not bad for a film that disguised itself as a summer sex comedy.

Some documents on U.S. - Korean relations, 1905

I've been reading Carole Cameron Shaw's The Foreign Destruction of Korean Independence, which, while it lacks the evidence that would prove that the U.S. was responsible for the loss of Korea's independence, has been interesting to read, gathering as it does letters from numerous people involved with Korea at that time, such as D.W. Stevens, the American Legation staff, missionaries, members of Roosevelt's government, and many others. She does manage to point out the different connections between many of the American players, and shows that many in the U.S. government felt sympathetic to Japan's aims in Korea, but fails to convince that the U.S. was responsible for Japan's control of Korea.

With all the names mentioned in the book, and their backgrounds (several times I came across names I'd seen before and thought, "So that's who that person was") I began to look up some of them, and eventually found this page about Willard Straight. What's most interesting are the pdfs of letters he wrote from the American Legation in Seoul in 1905. One of the more interesting letters is "Another letter to Henry Schoellkopf", which describes the aftermath of the protectorate Treaty being signed in November of 1905.

Straight would go on to help found The New Republic in 1914, which published Randolph Bourne and was first edited by Herbert Croly. Both Bourne and Straight died from influenza in December 1918, and ten years later Croly would write a biography of Straight, from which this photo is taken:


This is a photo of Alice Roosevelt's party when she visited Korea and met the emperor in September of 1905. Earlier in the trip, her party included Secretary of War Taft, who had a conversation with Count Katsura when they visited Japan in June. This was the well known Taft-Katsura memorandum, which some point to as evidence that the US had 'traded' Korea for the Philippines. At any rate, this remained secret until October 1924, when Tyler Dennett wrote "President Roosevelt's Secret Pact with Japan", and provided a copy of the memo. Scans of this essay and the memo can be found here.

While looking for more information on Alice Roosevelt's visit (the schedule for her visit to Korea can be found with Straight's letters, linked to above) I came across an article about Michael Straight, one of Willard Straight's sons who was a communist and spy for the USSR. He also has a Korean connection:

One of the strongest points made by Perry and other critics of Straight concerns the Korean War. Thanks to Philby, Burgess and Maclean, China's Chairman Mao knew that President Truman had decided not to use atomic weapons if China intervened in the war. Mao was thus free to invade North Korea and kill many Americans in conventional warfare without fear of the bomb. If Straight had by then been a loyal American, free of communist control, he could have revealed his old colleagues as spies and saved many American lives, but of course he did not.

Had he talked then, many Korean lives would have been saved, too.

Weight loss + tv + superjunior fans = suicide?

More than two months ago in the Korea Times, an article mentioned the most searched for keyword for the week of June 3 - 10:

TV talent show StarKing topped the nation's No.1 search engine Naver's most searched keyword list as a participant on the show killed herself due to depression.

Actually, entering the participant's name into the search bar at naver.com gave you more than a dozen options, made up of word combinations others had previously searched for:


In it, people search for her school, her homepage, photos of her, her suicide, her weight loss, etc. Several articles in the English language media appeared at the time:

Korea Times:
Guest on TV Show Kills Herself

Donga Ilbo:
A Lesson Learned From a High School Girl’s Death

Chosun Ilbo
Weight Loss Star Commits Suicide

Hankyoreh
Criticism mount over verbal attacks on cyberspace

The Korea Times gives us the facts:

According to police, [a] 16-year-old girl, Lee Eun-ji, hung herself in her room at her home in Daejeon early Tuesday morning [June 5]. Her mother was the first to find her. Early last month [actually, April 28], the girl appeared on an SBS television show titled "StarKing,'' where ordinary citizens with extraordinary abilities or stories compete for an award.

Lee drew public attention to her loss of 40 kilograms, bringing her weight from 87 to 47 kilograms in three months. She said she did so in order to please her late grandmother who used to worry about her being overweight.

The Donga Ilbo tells us

Her mother said, “On the previous evening, I found my daughter feeding her nephew, skipping her meal to reduce her weight, and I reprimanded her for not eating. Then she entered and locked her room.”

The Korea Times continues:

There was a written will on her desk. It read, "I'm sad to have been scolded. Father and mother, I'm sorry for having worried you. I'm sorry for having given you pain.''

While this may be beginning to sound like the story from months ago about 'sudden', spur-of-the-moment suicides by children, the Times reveals more.

Although her mother said Lee had suffered from depression over the stress of weight control, many Internet users are blaming fans of boy band Super Junior for Lee's death.

The Donga Ilbo continues:

Her school friends revealed, “She took a picture of herself with a member of “S”, a famous singing group, who was one of the program’s panel members, which was the major reason for her becoming a subject of personal attacks.” She posted the picture on her own website.

One classmate said, “After the picture was spread online, she was badly frightened after she received about a dozen threatening phone calls and text messages a day from fans of the group.” Another friend said, “She received those phone calls even at home.” In relation to this, some netizens criticized the fan club of “S” group for bombarding her with the hate messages that may have eventually driven her to end her own life.

This article continued:

Lee's mother said in a TV interview that the high school student suffered depression due to the negative press and threatening e-mails that she tried to defend herself against by answering all the messages posted online.

Oddly enough, 'StarKing' is pronounced 'stalking' in Korean. Now perhaps this is starting to sound like another case of online harrassment, which the media first commented on in the wake of the Dog Poop Girl incident in 2005, when they dubbed it 'cyber terror' (one legislative result of the media furor of two years ago became law on July 27 when the use of 'real names' became necessary to post comments on 35 popular websites). Back in January, the media blamed online harrassment by netizens for the suicide of singer Unee (an opinion the Metropolitician certainly disagreed with), and the Hankyoreh certainly saw this case from that angle:

Concerns about the impact of malicious internet comments took center stage again this week after a high-school girl killed herself apparently due to verbal attacks from net users.

Of course, when dealing with Superjunior fans, you have lots of ammunition to use in supporting the 'they're obnoxious in packs and should be avoided at all costs' theory, which goes well beyond the internet, as this article about fans gathering outside Superjunior's house relates:

The flock of fans annoying local residents is on the spot around the clock. Usually there are more than 20 girls waiting near the building and on weekends more than 100 join the queue. [When] the fans, middle and high school girls, were screaming and singing songs for more than 10 hours, and neighbors asked them to be quiet, they simply ignored the request.

In another article about such fans, they're asked

“Would you keep loving them even if they didn’t return your love?”
“Of course ― until the day I die!”

which should remind us that we're dealing with adolescent girls who lack perspective or experience and who may be willing to verbally (or otherwise) trample those who would stand in the way of them and their idols. The article ends with a 15 year old girl being asked her future plans:

“I want to become a singer, just like BoA. Even though I’m plump now, I’ll go on a diet and lose weight.”

Losing weight didn't work so well for Lee Eun-ji, unfortunately. The Korea Times mentions that a few fans had realized that hounding a girl in comments on her homepage, in emails, and on the phone for taking a photo with one of their idols was maybe a tad over the top:

A fan of the pop group also posted a written apology on a portal site. She said she and other fans recognized their comments could have led to Lee's suicide and apologized, adding they were regretful for having been jealous of the picture.

One comment on a naver blog read "Lee Eun-ji, I'm sorry, in heaven meet your grandmother and be happy." It's nice to see that some of the fans felt sorry for venting an incredible amount of hostility and negativity at a fellow fan who got the chance to pose in a picture with a member of their favourite 'music' group. Perhaps Lee Eun-ji would have forgiven them, if she wasn't, y'know, dead.

Anyone hoping that such fans would learn something about respecting other people's feelings and would refrain from selfishly trampling upon them in the future were likely disappointed when, presented with the accusation that figure skater Kim Yuna slighted a Superjunior member on July 31, they lined up to leave 2000 comments worth of seething negativity on her Cyworld homepage. As it turned out, this was a lie concocted by a Superjunior member on a radio broadcast to draw attention to himself, and considering the past behavior of his fans, he was either a complete moron not to expect the response it got, or a complete asshole for ignoring its possibility (actually, as a media figure who lied just to get attention, he's already most certainly an asshole; knowing that there was a strong possibility that his fans would respond the way they did allows him to descend to a special category of asshole, say, a Super-asshole). After he apologized for this, many fans defended him, saying, "At least he apologized." Yeah, that means so much, doesn't it, just like when his fans apologized over their harassment of Lee Eun-ji and then continued where they left off a few months later with a new target. On an unrelated note, half of Korea's pre-schoolers are on-line.

The last few links have been from Popseoul, who covered Lee Eun-ji's death in a way that was far less superficial than the simple excuses the media offered of online harrassment:

[W]hat angers me most is that Lee Eun Ji’s cyworld post back in May clearly demonstrated that she was suffering from depression, but Elves [fans] just continued to torture the poor girl.

Lee Eun Ji mentioned that she went up to her attic several times because she thought that it was better to end her life than to continue with her rigorous diet (she starved herself for three months, drinking only one or two cups of milk daily). She also cried her heart out saying it’s very difficult to deal with all the crap she’s currently going through. Before her weight loss, people treated her like a pig and after her weight-loss people are treating her like a liar (some were accusing her of losing weight via plastic surgery and/or diet pills). Any sensible person would’ve realized that this girl is suffering a lot and that she’s in fragile condition, but Elves ignored her plead and continued to attack her, which apparently pushed Lee Eun Ji over the edge.

Unfortunately, the Superjunior fans weren't the only ones attacking her. While according to the Donga Ilbo, "She was treated as a celebrity at school, among friends, and even on the Internet since then, and she often said to her friends that she wanted to become a singer later," the Korea Times paints another picture:

Another friend said not only the star's fans but also Lee's classmates posted hurtful comments on her blog, with one of the comments saying, "Are you happy to have lost that much weight and to be on TV? I bet you underwent liposuction.''

While it may often be true that doing well and standing out above the crowd at school doesn't go over so well, there are other factors to consider. This article started to cut through some of the 'harrassment' hype -

The girl is said to have almost refused to eat anything for the past three months, which contributed to the depression that made herself vulnerable to netizens' accusations.

- while the Donga Ilbo article is clearer:

[T]he police are now investigating the alleged relationship between the possible motives behind her killing herself: the hate messages, rumors, and possible side effects from the extreme diet she went on. [Emphasis added]

Let's make this clear - according to her, she lost 40 kg (going from 87 to 47 kgs) in three months. To put it another way, she lost 88 pounds in about 90 days - one pound a day. There are so many things that could be talked about regarding her perceived need to undergo such a diet - the rejection she felt being overweight, the pressure from whatever source (the media, classmates, teachers, 'her grandmother') to be thin, the severity of the diet, her mental state after losing so much weight - but it's much easier for the media to focus on cyber harrassment, so any consideration of why she felt compelled to follow such a severe diet is left unmentioned during discussions of the need for proper 'netiquette' or more surveillance.

Since the reason for her diet was never a topic for discussion, little discussion was made in the media of how similar the effect of her diet was to the change in Kim Ah-jung's appearance in the movie 200 Pound Beauty (which was released on Dec 14, 2006, four and a half months before her appearance on StarKing). I have no idea if the film influenced her; while some thought it encouraged plastic surgery, I thought it questioned some of the attitudes surrounding it.



It might not be entirely obvious, but StarKing seemed to see the similarities between the movie and the girl's weight loss. For those unfamiliar with the movie, here's the music video for a song from the movie.



Another song from the film is here, just in case you're not acquainted with it. The reason for being concerned with the songs is that you might find them familiar if you watch this clip of her appearance on StarKing (taken from a file I found on emule).



You'll notice that both songs are played during her appearance on the show. The first was likely played in the studio, as we see her dancing to it. The timing of the second song would make me think it was added later, as the singing of the song ('Maria') is the character's first triumph in the film, and plays while Lee Eun-ji describes her rejection by 7 boys when she was overweight, but her assertion that she's better than them now and that she'll be luckier next time. Visually, there are several moments on the show designed to associate Lee with 200 Pound Beauty. Having the life-sized cardboard cutout of her 'former' self allowed for the comparison I made above, while the inclusion of her old pants allowed for several more associations with the movie:






The photo above of singer Younha putting both legs in one pant-leg is right out of the film as well. One unasked question is why Lee felt the need to appear on tv in the first place; you have to wonder if the show itself was everything she expected it would be. What appeared on air was about two or so minutes of her speaking (not even half of the clip) with the rest of the time involving antics with the pants and self-aggrandizement by the host.


Did she want to do that little dance at the beginning of the clip, or was it encouraged/mandated by the producers? The show did everything it could to compare her experience to a movie (and blogs that commented on the show afterwards dutifully called her "a real-life 200 Pound Beauty") and, while there was no malicious humor directed at her, by making an issue of the size of her pants and showing that they could hide behind her cut-out, they were, I thought, making fun of who she "used to be", as if there could be no connection between the two (which seemed to miss the entire point of the film, wherein the main character misses the person she once was). Nowhere on the show is the wisdom of her radical diet questioned - perhaps the means justified the end.

A girl most likely influenced heavily by the images of women omnipresent in the media goes on an extreme diet in order to compete with those images and appears on a television program where her ordeal is only superficially referred to and is compared to a movie all for the sake of entertainment and ratings, after which a member of a media-created group poses for a photo with her which then provokes his jealous fans to use every medium at their disposal to harrass her. What got lost in this media collision was that this wasn't someone who used special effects in a popular movie to appear to lose weight - she actually did it, but her reasons for wanting this, and the way in which she did it were never questioned. Who knows why this person chose to commit suicide, but it seems many people involved in the last weeks of her life - from the StarKing producers who wanted to compare her to a movie to the Superjunior fans who were enraged by a photo on a website - found it hard to see beyond pixels and text, which are as insubstantial as the ashes her family was left with.

Aerial photos of Seoul, 1945

A few months ago I posted several newly discovered aerial photos of Korea taken by the US military in 1945. At the time I couldn't find two more photos (from this book), but finally found them today. The first photo shows Jongno and Jongmyo.


The second photo shows Seoul Station.


In both photos you can see the other planes, but if you look closely at the second photo, you can even see the other pilot.

The final nail in the coffin of '99 years'

Perhaps no one remembers, but back in late February of last year it was announced that Namdaemun would open its gates for the first time in '99 years'. At the time, I thought this number was wrong, and I found more information about it a year ago, which made me more more suspicious. I'm not sure if it was Jung-gu or Seoul City which were responsible for this claim, but these images from a book published by the city government are rather interesting. The first photo is from 1956, the second from 1960 (Click to enlarge).



A close look makes clear that the claim that the doors hadn't been open for '99 years' is more than 50 years off the mark.

Cheongnyangni Station Accident

At the end of a Joongang Ilbo article about a ferris wheel accident in Busan on Monday, this appeared:

Meanwhile, a short time after the Busan tragedy, a construction crane in operation at the Cheongnyangni train station in Seoul collapsed, killing two people waiting on the platform of the station. The dead are a 67-year-old man and an 18-year-old female. The crane also cut an electric line during its descent, suspending operations on the Gyeongwon Line.

According to this article, it happened at 5:40 pm, and from the photos, it looks like a piledriver fell over, and smashed through the roof of the station.



The people standing on the platform likely didn't even see it coming. Here's video of the clean-up operations:



It wasn't so long ago that another construction accident occurred next to a train line, though no one died there.

I was also reminded that August 15 was the 33rd anniversary of the opening of Seoul's line 1 subway. Too bad that day was overshadowed by the assassination attempt on Park Chung-hee which killed his wife.

Bees vs Hornets

Watch Asian giant hornets make mincemeat of European bees in a beehive. Then watch them try the same thing with Japanese bees.


Hornets VS. Bees - The funniest videos are a click away

8.15

The murder of D.W. Stephens, or Spot the terrorist

The Marmot linked to a Joongang Ilbo article about a professor at London University who gave a lecture in which he labeled Kim Ku, Yun Bong-gil and Lee Bong-chang terrorists, which opened up some lively debate, as any discussion of what 'terrorism' is is bound to do, seeing the moral and political distinctions that have to be made to separate it from 'murder'. A comment by Sperwer points out descriptions of Korean independence activists from textbooks which tend towards the 'terrorism' label, while the Metropolitician brought up something that popped into my head almost immediately - "assassinating Americans [sic] in San Francisco who supported the Japanese occupation of Korea".

I'd actually known next to nothing about that event, other than that the American was named D.W. Stevens and that it took place in 1908. I've since poked my nose around the internet and found out more about it. Durham White Stevens had worked as a counselor at the Japanese Legation at Washington and in September, 1894 wrote an article in The North American Review titled "China and Japan in Korea", defending Japan's actions at the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese war. Later, during the first year of the Russo-Japanese War, as Japan took control of more and more of the Korean government, Stevens was appointed as an advisor. These New York Times headlines give an idea of what he was up to:

AMERICAN TO GUIDE KOREA'S DIPLOMACY; Japan Appoints D.W. Stevens Adviser to Seoul Government. TOKIO'S TIGHTENING GRIP It Is Now Admitted That Japan Means to Have Complete Control of Korea's Foreign Affairs.

TOKIO, Sept. 4. [1904]-- The Japanese Government announces that Durham White Stevens, counselor of the Japanese Legation at Washington, will be the diplomatic adviser to the Korean Government, while M. Megata, Director of the Revenue Bureau at Tokio, will be Korea's financial adviser.

Another headline on October 22, 1904, gives an idea of how well regarded he was by the Japanese: "MIKADO HONORS D.W. STEVENS.; Decorates American with Grand Cross of the Sacred Treasure." This, from a year later, is also interesting:

WOULD DIVERT EMIGRATION.; Japan Wants to Turn the Tide to Manchuria and Korea.
WASHINGTON, Sept. 29. [1905]-- Raymond Crist, formerly private secretary to Secretary Metcalf, and now engaged in special commercial investigations in Japan, has sent a report to the Secretary of Commerce and Labor based on a long interview with Durham White Stevens, the American diplomatic adviser to the Emperor of Korea.

If you're starting to get the idea that he sounds like a public relations officer for the Japanese...

KOREA WAS NOT COERCED.; Letter from D.W. Stevens Disposes of the Recent Reports.
WASHINGTON, Dec. 28. [1905] -- In a private letter to a friend in this city, Durham White Stevens, Diplomatic Adviser to the Korean Government, strongly denies the reports that the treaty establishing a Japanese protectorate was extorted by force.

In 1908 he would make his way to the U.S. to comment favourably on Japan's progress in Korea, which led to this headline:

D.W. STEVENS SHOT BY KOREAN ASSASSIN; Late Foreign Adviser of the Emperor Badly Wounded at San Francisco. TWO ATTACKS MADE ON HIM Surgeons Believe He Will Recover -- Korean Hostility to Him Due to His Japanese Affiliations.

SAN FRANCISCO, March 23.[1908] -- Durham White Stevens, who from 1904 until recently was the foreign adviser of the Emperor of Korea, was shot and perhaps fatally wounded this morning at the ferry station just as he was about to leave for Washington.

The two Koreans responsible for the shooting were Jeon Myeong-un, and especially Jeong In-hwan. This webpage gives an outline explaining how two local groups of Koreans in San Francisco met and argued over what to do after Stevens was interviewed and praised Japan's administration of Korea. Stevens was approached at his hotel, but he rebuffed them, so the next day, March 23, they went to the ferry terminal and tried to shoot him. Jeon's gun misfired, so he attacked Stevens; Jang fired and hit Stevens twice (and Jeon once). Stevens died 3 days later, and the Times reported the response in Japan: "JAPAN MOURNS STEVENS.; Widespread Sorrow Is Manifested Throughout the Country at His Death"

On March 26, George Trumbull Ladd wrote a very even-handed op-ed piece for the Times:

KOREANS A BLOODY RACE.; Attempted Assassination of Mr. Stevens Not an Isolated Case.
The cowardly and shockingly brutal assaults upon our distinguished citizen, the Hon. Durham White Stevens, furnish an instructive object lesson for the correct estimate of the Korean character and the Korean method of self-government. Since his appointment under the protocol of August, 1904, as "Diplomatic Adviser to the Department of Foreign Affairs," this American gentleman has served the Government of Korea faithfully, wisely, and honestly.

It was that year that Ladd's book In Korea with Marquis Ito was published. To say the book is pro-Japanese would be to understate the case. He and Stevens were of the same ilk, so to speak. It appears not everyone attacked Koreans, however, as an article the next day is titled "A DEFENSE OF THE KOREANS.(3); An Indolent but Harmless Race That Is Being Oppressed by Japan."

Jang went to trial in July, 1908, and was 'found guilty of murder in the second degree' on Christmas Eve that year.

As this article relates, the need Koreans felt to collectively raise funds for Jang's defense (maybe because their meeting on March 21 gave Jang the opportunity to decide that Stevens needed to be killed?) led to the formation of the Korean National League (which Syngman Rhee tried to take over, but failed). (The tastefully chosen photos at that site could stand to be corrected; in this one, the Japanese were not going off to attack Koreans, but to fight Russia, as it was the opening day of the Russo-Japanese War). Another, much longer account of the effect of D.W. Stevens' appearance in San Francisco and of his murder and the trial can be found here, but I wouldn't go there looking for exact details, based on memory as it is. It also recounts the importance of this incidence in uniting Koreans throughout California and Hawaii together, and both accounts make it clear that it was considered a just act to kill Stevens. Perhaps that's why busts of his killers can be found at a local Korean People's Hall (Pic from here):


Stevens was a civilian who, though not of the same nationality as the invading army in Korea, whole-heartedly supported Japan and worked for the Japanese government on several occasions. This made him a justifiable target for 'assassination'. One has to wonder if Jang and Jeon might have said as they shot him, "This is what your hands have committed. You have not come here for the sake of Korea, but for cursed Japan."

One also has to wonder what to make of a Korean working for an American contractor in a country recently invaded by the U.S. military, where 660 Korean military medics and engineers had recently been sent with 3000 more troops to come. Would he be just as justifiable a target as D.W. Stevens? As the BBC reported, after Kim Sun-il's beheading,

One of the masked kidnappers read a statement addressed to the Korean people, saying: "This is what your hands have committed. Your army has not come here for the sake of Iraqis, but for cursed America."

Obviously, there are differences; Kim Sun-il was held and his life used as leverage to try to force Korea to remove its troops from Iraq. Stevens was simply shot on the spot. If we use this as a definition of terrorism - any act "intended to cause death or serious bodily harm to civilians or non-combatants with the purpose of intimidating a population or compelling a government or an international organization to do or abstain from doing any act" - then Kim Sun-il's murder certainly had the 'purpose to compel a government' aspect covered. Stevens' murder, however, wanted to silence an American mouthpiece for the Japanese government, and as far as I know the Japanese never sent such person to the US again (though Ladd continued to write articles supporting them, most notably during the Samil uprising in 1919).

Yun Bong-gil being led away

Another of the more famous 'candidates' for the terrorist label is Yun Bong-gil, who on April 29, 1932, threw a bomb at Japanese military and civilian delagates in Hongkew Park, Shanghai on the occasions of the Japanese Emperor’s birthday. Killing a general and an official, and wounding several others, including Shigemitsu Mamoru, Japanese Minister to China, who lost a leg. At the end of World War II, Shigemitsu was the foriegn minister, and came on board the USS Missouri to sign the instrument of surrender.


The reason he has a cane (and false leg) is due to Yun's bomb attack. I seem to remember a book I read somewhere describing this scene as an example of the effects of Korean resistance upon the outcome of the war.


I suppose some might argue that someone who kills in the name of an ideal might have a touch of madness. I couldn't see Yun's photo above without thinking of a more recent photo of a Korean man posing with weapons.


I'm sure both of them felt justified in killing the people they did, but whether they're judged a national hero or national shame depends on whether or not we agree with them.